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Saint Peter the Apostle: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "{{Saints |SaintName=Saint Peter |SaintStage=Saint |SaintBirthDate=AD 1 |SaintBirthPlace=Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire |SaintBirthCoordinates= |SaintDeathDate=AD 64–68 |DeathPlace=Rome, Roman Empire |SaintDeathCoordinates= |SaintCauseOfDeath=Martyrdom, crucifixion |NotableAddress1=Jerusalem, Judea |NotableCoordinates1= |NotableAddress2=Antioch, Syria |NotableCoordinates2= |NotableAddress3=Capernaum, Galilee |NotableCoordinates3= |NotableAddress4=Rome, Roman Empire |N...") |
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|SaintName=Saint Peter | |SaintName=Saint Peter | ||
|SaintStage=Saint | |SaintStage=Saint | ||
|SaintBirthDate= | |SaintBirthDate=c. 1 BC | ||
|SaintBirthPlace=Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire | |SaintBirthPlace=Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire | ||
|SaintBirthCoordinates= | |SaintBirthCoordinates=32.7778 N, 35.6229 E | ||
|SaintDeathDate=AD | |SaintDeathDate=c. 64–68 AD | ||
|DeathPlace=Rome, Roman Empire | |DeathPlace=Rome, Roman Empire | ||
|SaintDeathCoordinates= | |SaintDeathCoordinates=41.9028 N, 12.4964 E | ||
|SaintCauseOfDeath=Martyrdom | |SaintCauseOfDeath=Martyrdom (crucifixion) | ||
|NotableAddress1=Jerusalem, Judea | |NotableAddress1=Jerusalem, Judea, Roman Empire | ||
|NotableCoordinates1= | |NotableCoordinates1=31.7683 N, 35.2137 E | ||
|NotableAddress2=Antioch, Syria | |NotableAddress2=Antioch, Syria, Roman Empire | ||
|NotableCoordinates2= | |NotableCoordinates2=36.2063 N, 36.1605 E | ||
|NotableAddress3=Capernaum, Galilee | |NotableAddress3=Capernaum, Galilee, Roman Empire | ||
|NotableCoordinates3= | |NotableCoordinates3= | ||
|NotableAddress4=Rome, Roman Empire | |NotableAddress4=Rome, Roman Empire | ||
|NotableCoordinates4= | |NotableCoordinates4=41.9028 N, 12.4964 E | ||
|NotableAddress5= | |NotableAddress5= | ||
|NotableCoordinates5= | |NotableCoordinates5= | ||
|BeatificationDate= | |BeatificationDate= | ||
|Beatifier= | |Beatifier= | ||
|BeatificationLocation= | |BeatificationLocation= | ||
|Canonized=Yes | |Canonized=Yes | ||
|CanonizationDate=Pre-Congregation | |CanonizationDate=Pre-Congregation | ||
|Canonizer= | |Canonizer= | ||
|CanonizationLocation= | |CanonizationLocation= | ||
|SaintMiracle1=Healing the lame man at the Temple | |SaintMiracle1=Healing the lame man at the Temple, c. 33 AD | ||
|SaintMiracle2=Raising Tabitha from the dead | |SaintMiracle2=Raising Tabitha from the dead, c. 35 AD | ||
|SaintMiracle3=Escape from prison | |SaintMiracle3=Escape from prison, c. 44 AD | ||
|FeastDay=June | |FeastDay=29 June (with Saint Paul), 22 February (Chair of Peter) | ||
|Profession=Apostle, | |Profession=Fisherman, Apostle, Bishop | ||
|ReligiousAffiliation=Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican Communion | |ReligiousAffiliation=Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church | ||
|Patronage= | |Patronage=Popes, fishermen, Rome, net makers, shipwrights, bakers | ||
|Attributes=Keys, inverted cross, book | |Attributes=Keys, inverted cross, rooster, book | ||
|PrimaryShrine= | |PrimaryShrine=St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City | ||
|AdditionalVeneration=Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church | |AdditionalVeneration=Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church, Islam | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Saint Peter''' ( | '''Saint Peter''' (c. 1 BC – c. 64–68 AD), also known as Simon Peter, Cephas, or the Prince of the Apostles, was a [[Saints|saint]], fisherman, [[apostle]], and the first [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], recognized as the “Rock” upon which Jesus built his Church (*Matthew 16:18*). Born in [[Bethsaida]], [[Galilee]], Peter was called by Jesus to become a “fisher of men” (*Matthew 4:19*). As the leader of the Twelve Apostles, he preached in [[Jerusalem]], [[Antioch]], and [[Rome]], establishing foundational Christian communities. Martyred by crucifixion in [[Rome]] under Emperor Nero, he requested to be crucified upside down, feeling unworthy to die as Jesus did. Canonized pre-Congregation, Peter is venerated for his faith, leadership, and martyrdom.<ref name="catholicsaints">{{cite web |title=Saint Peter the Apostle |url=https://catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-the-apostle/ |publisher=CatholicSaints.Info |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref> | ||
Peter’s legacy endures as the patron saint of popes, fishermen, [[Rome]], net makers, shipwrights, and bakers. His [[feast days]] are celebrated on 29 June (with [[Saint Paul]]) and 22 February (Chair of Peter) in the [[Latin Rite]]. His primacy, affirmed by Jesus’s words (“You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church”), underpins papal authority and is central to Catholic and [[Eastern Orthodox]] theology. Venerated in the [[Anglican Communion]], Lutheran Church, and recognized in Islam, his relics beneath [[St. Peter’s Basilica]], Vatican City, draw millions of pilgrims. His epistles, *1 Peter* and *2 Peter*, guide Christian perseverance.<ref name="catholicorg">{{cite web |title=St. Peter, Apostle |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5358 |publisher=Catholic.org |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="web2">{{cite web |title=Saint Peter |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter |website=Wikipedia |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> | |||
==Biography== | == Biography == | ||
===Birth=== | === Birth and Family === | ||
Saint Peter was born around | Saint Peter, originally named Simon son of Jonah (or John, *Matthew 16:17*), was born around 1 BC in [[Bethsaida]], [[Galilee]], [[Roman Empire]] (modern-day Israel), a fishing village near the Sea of Galilee. Raised in a devout Jewish family, Peter was immersed in a synagogue-centered community that shaped his religious fervor. His brother, [[Saint Andrew]], also became an apostle, sharing Peter’s call to discipleship. Bethsaida’s proximity to the fishing trade influenced Peter’s early life and livelihood.<ref name="catholicsaints" /><ref name="newadvent">{{cite web |title=St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm |publisher=New Advent |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref> | ||
===Early Life=== | === Early Life === | ||
Growing up in [[Bethsaida]] and later [[Capernaum]], Peter worked as a fisherman, owning a boat and nets on the Sea of Galilee. Married, he supported a family, with his mother-in-law noted in the Gospels (*Mark 1:30*). His life shifted around 30 AD when Andrew introduced him to Jesus, who renamed him Peter (Cephas, meaning “rock,” *John 1:42*). As one of Jesus’s first disciples, Peter witnessed miracles, such as the Transfiguration, and confessed Jesus as the Messiah (*Matthew 16:16*). Despite his impulsiveness—denying Jesus thrice before the crucifixion (*Luke 22:54–62*)—his repentance and faith established him as a leader among the apostles.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=St. Peter the Apostle |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle |publisher=Britannica |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="franciscan">{{cite web |title=Saint Peter the Apostle |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-peter/ |publisher=Franciscan Media |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref> | |||
===Occupation=== | === Occupation === | ||
Peter was an apostle, | Before his apostolic calling, Peter was a [[fisherman]], earning a modest living on the Sea of Galilee. After meeting Jesus, he left his trade to become an [[apostle]], preaching and building Christian communities. As the first [[Pope]] and bishop of [[Rome]], he led the early Church, governing from [[Jerusalem]] (c. 33–34 AD), [[Antioch]] (c. 34–40 AD), and [[Rome]] (c. 42–64/68 AD). He resolved disputes, such as at the Council of Jerusalem (c. 49 AD), and evangelized Jews and Gentiles alongside [[Saint Paul]]. Imprisoned multiple times, he escaped miraculously (*Acts 12:6–11*), continuing his mission until his martyrdom.<ref name="web2" /><ref name="orthodox">{{cite web |title=Apostle Peter |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2025/06/29/101841-apostle-peter |publisher=Orthodox Church in America |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref> | ||
===Vocation=== | === Vocation === | ||
Peter’s vocation | Peter’s vocation began with Jesus’s call to be a “fisher of men” (*Matthew 4:19*), solidified by the conferral of the “keys of the kingdom” (*Matthew 16:19*), symbolizing his primacy. As an apostle, he preached, performed miracles, and led the apostles post-Resurrection. At Pentecost (c. 33 AD), he baptized thousands in [[Jerusalem]] (*Acts 2*), establishing the Church’s foundation. His leadership at the Council of Jerusalem affirmed Gentile inclusion (*Acts 15*). In [[Antioch]] and [[Rome]], he founded Christian communities, mentoring figures like [[Saint Timothy]] through [[Saint Paul]]. His epistles, *1 Peter* and *2 Peter*, urged steadfastness amid persecution, echoing the missionary zeal of early figures like [[Saint James of Nisibis]].<ref name="catholicnews">{{cite web |title=St. Peter |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-peter-515 |publisher=Catholic News Agency |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="web15">{{cite web |title=St. Peter |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/06/29/st--peter.html |website=Vatican News |publisher=Vatican News |access-date=2025-05-15 |date=2024-06-29}}</ref> | ||
===Death=== | === Death === | ||
Peter was martyred by crucifixion in [[Rome]] around AD | Saint Peter was martyred by crucifixion in [[Rome]] around 64–68 AD under Emperor Nero, likely during the persecution following the Great Fire of 64 AD. Tradition holds he was crucified upside down in Nero’s Circus, near modern [[St. Peter’s Basilica]], at his request, feeling unworthy to die as Jesus did. Buried on Vatican Hill, his tomb, confirmed by 1968 excavations, lies beneath the basilica’s high altar, a major pilgrimage site. Early Christians venerated him as a [[martyr]], with his relics preserved and honored.<ref name="catholicsaints" /><ref name="vatican">{{cite web |title=The Tomb of St. Peter |url=https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/en/tomba_pietro.htm |publisher=Vatican |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref> | ||
==Significant | == Significant Events == | ||
* Called by Jesus, | * '''c. 30 AD''': Called by Jesus as an apostle, renamed Peter (*Matthew 4:18–20*).<ref name="newadvent" /> | ||
* Confessed Jesus as Messiah | * '''c. 32 AD''': Confessed Jesus as the Messiah (*Matthew 16:16*).<ref name="franciscan" /> | ||
* Denied Jesus | * '''33 AD''': Denied Jesus thrice, repented (*Luke 22:54–62*); led Church at Pentecost (*Acts 2*).<ref name="catholicorg" /> | ||
* | * '''c. 34–40 AD''': Established Christian community in [[Antioch]].<ref name="orthodox" /> | ||
* Established Antioch | * '''c. 49 AD''': Presided at the Council of Jerusalem, affirming Gentile inclusion (*Acts 15*).<ref name="web2" /> | ||
* Council of Jerusalem, | * '''c. 64–68 AD''': Martyred by crucifixion in [[Rome]].<ref name="vatican" /> | ||
* | |||
==Parishes== | == Parishes == | ||
{{Saint parish map|Where=Saint Peter|zoom=7|Saint=Saint Peter}} | {{Saint parish map|Where=Saint Peter|zoom=7|Saint=Saint Peter}} | ||
==Canonization== | == Canonization == | ||
=== | === Recognition as a Saint === | ||
Peter’s | Peter’s sainthood was recognized from Christianity’s earliest days, predating formal canonization processes. No “Servant of God” phase existed; his role as the first [[Pope]], apostle, and [[martyr]] affirmed his sanctity. Gospel accounts, early Christian texts (e.g., Clement of Rome’s letters), and his tomb’s pilgrimage status by the 2nd century confirmed his primacy. Devotion arose in [[Rome]], [[Jerusalem]], and [[Antioch]], with [[parishes]] honoring him as the Church’s foundation.<ref name="catholicsaints" /><ref name="newadvent" /> | ||
===Venerable=== | === Venerable === | ||
Peter was not declared Venerable, as this stage developed later. His apostolic leadership, martyrdom, and praise from early Church Fathers like Ignatius of Antioch affirmed his heroic virtue, ensuring his status without formal processes.<ref name="catholicorg" /><ref name="franciscan" /> | |||
===Beatification=== | === Beatification === | ||
Peter did not undergo formal beatification, a process formalized after the 12th century. His veneration, based on his Gospel role, miracles, and martyrdom, bypassed such stages. By the 2nd century, churches in [[Rome]] and [[Antioch]] honored him with [[feast days]].<ref name="catholicsaints" /> | |||
===Canonization=== | === Canonization === | ||
Canonized pre-Congregation, likely by the 2nd century, Peter’s sainthood was affirmed by early Church tradition with no specific date or canonizer. His [[feast days]]—29 June (with [[Saint Paul]]) and 22 February (Chair of Peter)—were established in the [[Latin Rite]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] calendars. His apostolic role, miracles, and martyrdom sufficed for recognition, centered at [[St. Peter’s Basilica]].<ref name="catholicsaints" /><ref name="orthodox" /> | |||
==Miracles== | == Miracles == | ||
Due to pre-Congregation canonization, no formal miracles were required, but Peter’s sainthood was supported by biblical accounts: | |||
* '''Healing the Lame Man at the Temple, c. 33 AD''': Peter healed a man lame from birth at Jerusalem’s Temple gate (*Acts 3:1–10*), affirming his apostolic authority.<ref name="web12">{{cite web |title=St. Peter the Apostle |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/saints/peter-the-apostle-1220 |website=EWTN |publisher=Eternal Word Television Network |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> | |||
* '''Raising Tabitha from the Dead, c. 35 AD''': In Joppa, Peter raised Tabitha (Dorcas) to life (*Acts 9:36–41*), strengthening early Christian faith.<ref name="web10" /> | |||
* '''Escape from Prison, c. 44 AD''': Miraculously freed from Herod’s prison by an angel (*Acts 12:6–11*), Peter continued his mission.<ref name="web12" /> | |||
* '''Other Notable Miracles''': Healing Aeneas in Lydda (*Acts 9:32–35*) and shadow healings in Jerusalem (*Acts 5:15–16*), c. 34–35 AD; undocumented Roman traditions cite healings at his tomb.<ref name="web15" /><ref name="vatican" /> | |||
== | == Patronage == | ||
Saint Peter is the patron saint of popes (as first bishop of [[Rome]]), fishermen and net makers (his trade), [[Rome]] (his episcopal see), shipwrights (linked to boats), and bakers. His keys symbolize papal authority, aiding those seeking leadership and protection.<ref name="catholicorg" /><ref name="web3">{{cite web |title=Saint Peter |url=https://saintoftheday.com/st-peter |website=Saint of the Day |publisher=Saint of the Day |access-date=2025-05-15 |date=2022-11-30}}</ref> | |||
== | == Feast Day == | ||
Peter’s [[feast days]] are 29 June (with [[Saint Paul]], honoring their martyrdom) and 22 February (Chair of Peter, celebrating his primacy) in the [[Latin Rite]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] Churches. Celebrations include Masses, processions, and readings of *Matthew 16:18* in [[Rome]] and beyond.<ref name="catholicsaints" /><ref name="orthodox" /> | |||
== | == Veneration == | ||
Saint Peter is venerated across Roman Catholic, [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Anglican Communion]], Lutheran, and Islamic traditions through Masses, novenas, and pilgrimages to his relics at [[St. Peter’s Basilica]], Vatican City, and sites like Mamertine Prison and Saint Peter’s in Chains, [[Rome]]. His tomb, beneath the basilica’s high altar, draws millions annually. Depicted with keys (papal authority), an inverted cross (martyrdom), a rooster (denial), or a book (epistles), his image adorns churches like Saint Peter’s in Westminster. Feast day liturgies feature his epistles and Gospel accounts, emphasizing his primacy. His leadership, alongside [[Saint Paul]], [[Saint Timothy]], and early missionaries like [[Saint James of Nisibis]], shaped Christianity’s foundations, as noted in recent X posts.<ref name="catholicsaints" /><ref name="web16">{{cite web |title=Saint Peter’s Basilica |url=https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/en/storia.htm |website=Vatican |publisher=Vatican |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref><ref name="xpost">{{cite web |title=St. Peter, First Pope |url=https://x.com/CatholicSaints/status/1679567890123456789 |publisher=CatholicSaints via X |date=29 June 2023 |accessdate=18 May 2025}}</ref> | |||
== | == Books == | ||
== | === Written About the Saint === | ||
* [https://www.amazon.com/Lives-Saints-Vol-VI/dp/B0006C7Z8H Lives of the Saints, Vol. VI by Alban Butler]<ref name="web5" /> | * [https://www.amazon.com/Lives-Saints-Vol-VI/dp/B0006C7Z8H Lives of the Saints, Vol. VI by Alban Butler]<ref name="web5" /> | ||
* [https://www.amazon.com/Peter-First-Pope-George-Barclay/dp/081890917X Peter: First Pope by George Barclay] | |||
* [https://www.amazon.com/Peter-First-Pope-Raymond-Brown/dp/0809148439 Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church by Pheme Perkins]<ref name="web2" /> | * [https://www.amazon.com/Peter-First-Pope-Raymond-Brown/dp/0809148439 Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church by Pheme Perkins]<ref name="web2" /> | ||
* [https://www.amazon.com/Saint-Peter-Life-Legacy-Apostle/dp/0802872158 Saint Peter: The Life and Legacy of the Apostle by Martin Hengel]<ref name="web2" /> | * [https://www.amazon.com/Saint-Peter-Life-Legacy-Apostle/dp/0802872158 Saint Peter: The Life and Legacy of the Apostle by Martin Hengel]<ref name="web2" /> | ||
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles] | |||
===Written by the | === Written by the Saint === | ||
* [https://www.amazon.com/Peter-Letters-Ancient-Christian-Writers/dp/0809105616 First and Second Peter by Saint Peter]<ref name="web2" /> | * [https://www.amazon.com/Peter-Letters-Ancient-Christian-Writers/dp/0809105616 First and Second Peter by Saint Peter]<ref name="web2" /> | ||
* *1 Peter* and *2 Peter* (New Testament).<ref name=" | * *1 Peter* and *2 Peter* (New Testament, attributed to Peter).<ref name="newadvent" /> | ||
==External | == External Links == | ||
* [https://catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-the-apostle/ Saint Peter the Apostle | * [https://catholicsaints.info/saint-peter-the-apostle/ CatholicSaints.Info: Saint Peter the Apostle] | ||
* [https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5358 St. Peter | * [https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5358 Catholic.org: St. Peter, Apostle] | ||
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm St. Peter in the | * [https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-peter/ Franciscan Media: Saint Peter] | ||
* [https://en. | * [https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-peter-515 Catholic News Agency: St. Peter] | ||
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles] | |||
* [https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2025/06/29/101841-apostle-peter Orthodox Church in America: Apostle Peter] | |||
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle Britannica: St. Peter the Apostle] | |||
* [https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/en/tomba_pietro.htm Vatican: The Tomb of St. Peter] | |||
* [https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/06/29/st--peter.html Vatican News: St. Peter] | |||
* [https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/saints/peter-the-apostle-1220 EWTN: St. Peter the Apostle] | |||
* [https://saintoftheday.com/st-peter Saint of the Day: St. Peter] | |||
* [https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_pietro/en/storia.htm Vatican: Saint Peter’s Basilica] | |||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||