Lombardy: Difference between revisions

  | catholic_percentage = 79

  | date_catholicism_introduced = 4th century

  | ecclesiastical_provinces_count = 3

  | dioceses_count = 14

  | predecessor_entities =  

  | successor_entities =  

'''Lombardy''' is an administrative region in Northern Italy within [[Italy]], spanning 23,844 km² with a population of approximately 10 million as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Bordered by Switzerland to the north and the Italian regions of Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, and Trentino-Alto Adige, it features diverse geography including the Alps, Lake Como, Lake Garda, and the Po Valley. The region's economy is driven by industry, finance, fashion, and agriculture, with Milan as its capital and economic powerhouse. Official languages are Italian and Lombard, reflecting its cultural heritage.

The [[Catholic Church]] plays a central role in Lombardy's identity, with about 7.93 million Catholics (79% of the population), making it the dominant religion despite secularization trends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Introduced in the 4th century through figures like [[Saint Ambrose]], Catholicism's status evolved from state religion to a significant cultural force, introduced via early Christian communities and solidified during the Roman era. Key patrons include [[Saint Ambrose]] and [[Saint Galdino]], whose feast days foster traditions like the Ambrosian Rite. Notable sites such as the [[Milan Cathedral]] and [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] highlight its enduring influence amid modern challenges.

Lombardy's Catholic heritage shapes festivals, education, and charity, though declining attendance reflects broader European secularization. The Church maintains three ecclesiastical provinces and 14 dioceses, supporting social initiatives while navigating pluralism from immigration.

Lombardy is situated in Northern Italy, covering 23,844 km², and is bordered by Switzerland to the north, Piedmont to the west, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto to the south and east, and Trentino-Alto Adige to the northeast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> The region encompasses the Alps in the north, the Po Valley plains in the south, and hilly areas in between, with major lakes like Como, Garda, and Maggiore facilitating pilgrimage routes to shrines such as the [[Sanctuary of the Madonna del Ghisallo]]. Its continental climate features hot summers and cold winters, supporting agriculture that aids Catholic charitable works like food distribution. Major cities including Milan, Bergamo, and Brescia host vibrant Catholic communities, with environmental features like the Adda River valley enhancing spiritual retreats.

The terrain supports Catholic activities, from Alpine processions to lakeside devotions, though urbanization poses preservation challenges for historic sites.

Lombardy's history dates to Celtic inhabitation in the 5th century BCE, followed by Roman conquest, making it part of Cisalpine Gaul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> The Lombards invaded in 568 CE, establishing a kingdom until Charlemagne's conquest in 774 CE integrated it into the Holy Roman Empire. Medieval communes rose, leading to Renaissance duchies under Milan and Mantua, with Habsburg and Napoleonic influences before unification in Italy in 1861. Catholicism developed through early bishops like [[Saint Ambrose]] in the 4th century, evolving amid Lombard Arianism to become the state religion by the 7th century, shaping governance and culture until secular reforms in the 20th century.

Key Catholic milestones include the Edict of Milan in 313 CE and the Counter-Reformation, with the Church influencing art and politics.

Lombardy has a population of 10,035,481 as of 2025, with 7.93 million Catholics (79%), reflecting its status as a dominant religion amid secularization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Ethnic groups include Italians (majority), with significant immigrant communities from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, comprising 11.9% foreign-born. Age demographics show an aging population, with trends like low birth rates and urbanization contributing to declining Church attendance, though Catholicism remains culturally prominent. Immigration introduces Orthodox and Muslim minorities, fostering interfaith dialogue.

Secularization affects younger demographics, with only 15-20% regular Mass attendance.

The [[Catholic Church in Lombardy]] comprises three ecclesiastical provinces (Milan, Agrate Brianza, and Vigevano), 14 dioceses, and numerous parishes, coordinated by the Italian Episcopal Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Dioceses in Italy |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT.htm |publisher=GCatholic.org |date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Leaders like the Archbishop of Milan oversee institutions including schools and hospitals, emphasizing social justice. The Ambrosian Rite, unique to Milan, preserves ancient traditions. Historic structures like medieval dioceses under Lombard rule evolved into modern entities, supporting community welfare.

The Church in Lombardy has three provinces (or portions thereof), aligned with northern Italian regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Dioceses in Italy |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT.htm |publisher=GCatholic.org |date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref>

* Ecclesiastical Province of Milan (Archdiocese of Milan, Milan): [[Archdiocese of Milan]] (Milan); [[Diocese of Bergamo]] (Bergamo); [[Diocese of Brescia]] (Brescia); [[Diocese of Como]] (Como); [[Diocese of Cremona]] (Cremona); [[Diocese of Lodi]] (Lodi); [[Diocese of Mantua]] (Mantua); [[Diocese of Pavia]] (Pavia).

* Ecclesiastical Province of Agrate Brianza (Archdiocese of Agrate Brianza, Monza): [[Archdiocese of Agrate Brianza]] (Monza and Brianza).

* Ecclesiastical Province of Vigevano (Diocese of Vigevano, Vigevano): [[Diocese of Vigevano]] (Vigevano); [[Diocese of Novara]] (Novara, partial); [[Diocese of Tortona]] (Tortona, partial).

Catholicism was introduced in the 4th century by early Christian missionaries, with [[Saint Ambrose]] becoming Bishop of Milan in 374 CE, establishing the Ambrosian Rite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Catholicism in Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Roman influence facilitated conversions, though Lombards brought Arianism in 568 CE, leading to tensions resolved by the 7th century under Queen Theodelinda. Initial impact included basilica constructions and evangelization, blending with local customs.

Key events include the Edict of Milan (313 CE) granting tolerance, Ambrose's conversion of Augustine (386 CE), and the Battle of Legnano (1176 CE) supported by the Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Catholicism in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> The Counter-Reformation saw Milan as a center under [[Saint Charles Borromeo]] (1565-1584), establishing seminaries. The 19th-century Risorgimento challenged Church lands, resolved by the 1929 Lateran Treaty. Recent milestones include John Paul II's 1980s visits promoting youth faith.

These events shaped Catholicism's resilience amid political changes.

Catholicism in Lombardy holds dominant status as a cultural and social force, with 79% affiliation, though secularization has reduced practice to 15-20% weekly Mass attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Historically the state religion until 1984, it now enjoys legal recognition via the Lateran Treaty, influencing education and holidays. Societally, it promotes family values and charity, but faces challenges from immigration and youth disaffiliation. Prominence persists in festivals and ethics, with the Church advocating social justice.

The first-level administrative subdivisions are the primary geographical and administrative units into which Lombardy is divided for purposes of governance, regional organization, and local administration. These are known as provinces, which handle local services, planning, and coordination with the regional government. Lombardy comprises 12 provinces: [[Province of Bergamo]], [[Province of Brescia]], [[Province of Como]], [[Province of Cremona]], [[Province of Lecco]], [[Province of Lodi]], [[Province of Mantua]], [[Metropolitan City of Milan]], [[Province of Monza and Brianza]], [[Province of Pavia]], [[Province of Sondrio]], and [[Province of Varese]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Each province is further divided into comuni (municipalities), totaling 1,502.

Lombardy's administrative history traces to Roman provinces, evolving through Lombard duchies and medieval communes to the modern region established in 1970 under Italy's constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Catholicism intertwined with governance, from Ambrose's episcopacy to Borromeo's reforms.

=== Predecessor entities ===

Lombardy emerged from the Kingdom of Lombards (568-774 CE), comprising duchies like Milan and Brescia, and later the Duchy of Milan (1395-1815).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingdom of the Lombards |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Pre-Roman Celtic tribes and Roman Cisalpine Gaul preceded, with medieval communes and Habsburg territories forming the basis before unification.

=== Successor entities ===

As a modern region since 1970, Lombardy has no direct successors but influences subdivisions like its provinces, integrated into the Italian Republic post-1861 unification.

== Cultural influence ==

Catholics in Lombardy celebrate feasts like Saint Ambrose's Day (December 7) with processions in Milan, blending Ambrosian Rite Masses and fairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> The Oh Bej! Oh Bej! fair honors Ambrose, featuring crafts and sweets, while Carnival Ambrosiano extends pre-Lent festivities. These reflect community devotion and folklore.

The Church operates over 1,000 schools in Lombardy, educating 200,000 students with Catholic values integrated into curricula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Church in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Charities like Caritas provide aid to immigrants and poor, running shelters and food banks, impacting society through [[Catholic Social Teaching]].

Catholic influence defines Lombard art, from [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''Last Supper'' in Milan to Romanesque basilicas like Sant'Ambrogio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lombardy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Baroque churches and Renaissance frescoes embody faith's heritage.

The [[Sanctuary of the Madonna di Caravaggio]] in Cremona draws thousands annually for its Black Madonna icon, a major Marian devotion site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Catholic sites in Lombardy |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g187829-Activities-c47-t10-Lombardy.html |publisher=Tripadvisor |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> The [[Sacred Mountain of Varese]] attracts pilgrims for its chapels and views.

The [[Milan Cathedral]] (Duomo), built 1386-1965, features Gothic spires and houses relics of saints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan Cathedral |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cathedral |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] (4th century) preserves Ambrose's tomb and early Christian art.

[[Saint Ambrose]] (c. 340-397), celebrated December 7, is Lombardy and Milan's patron, known for hymns and anti-Arianism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Ambrose |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> [[Saint Galdino]] (1096-1176), patron of Lombardy, aided the poor and opposed heretics.

Associated figures include [[Saint Charles Borromeo]] (1538-1584), canonized 1610, Counter-Reformation leader from Arona; [[Saint Angela Merici]] (1474-1540), canonized 1807, Ursuline founder from Desenzano; Blessed [[Pier Giorgio Frassati]] (1901-1925), beatified 1990, social activist from Turin with Lombard ties; Blessed [[Carlo Acutis]] (1991-2006), beatified 2020, tech-savvy youth from Milan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saints of Italy |url=https://gcatholic.org/saints/data/country-IT.htm |publisher=GCatholic.org |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> These saints contributed to education, charity, and evangelization.

The Church faces secularization, with Mass attendance below 20%, driven by urbanization and youth disaffiliation in prosperous Lombardy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secularization in Italy |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1999_num_107_1_1164 |publisher=Persée |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Immigration introduces pluralism, sparking debates on integration. Responses include dialogue via Caritas and youth programs, countering low religiosity through community outreach.

== Social and political influence ==

The Church influences education via Catholic schools and charity through Caritas, aiding 500,000 annually in Lombardy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Church in Italy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy |publisher=Wikipedia |date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-09-10}}</ref> Politically, it advocates family policies and migration, tied to [[Catholic Social Teaching]], shaping debates on ethics and welfare.

== References ==

<references />

* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/IT.htm Catholic Dioceses in Italy] (GCatholic.org)