Bishop

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A bishop in the Catholic Church is a senior member of the clergy who holds significant sacramental, administrative, and pastoral authority over a geographic region known as a diocese or, in Eastern Catholic Churches, an eparchy. Bishops are considered the successors of the Twelve Apostles, a doctrine rooted in the principle of Apostolic Succession, which posits that their authority is transmitted through an unbroken chain of ordinations originating with the apostles.[1] As of 2020, there are approximately 5,600 active bishops serving across the Latin and Eastern Catholic rites worldwide, underscoring their critical role in the Church's global mission.[2]

The institution of the episcopacy has deep historical roots, evolving from the early Christian communities of the 1st century to the highly structured hierarchy of the modern Church. In the earliest days, bishops were often elected by their local congregations and served as guardians of orthodoxy amidst theological disputes. St. Ignatius of Antioch (d. 107), one of the Apostolic Fathers, famously wrote, "Wherever the bishop appears, there let the people be; as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church," highlighting their centrality to Church unity.[3]

Following the Edict of Milan in 313, which legalized Christianity, bishops assumed greater administrative roles within the Roman Empire, shaping the development of diocesan boundaries that persist in some regions today.[4] Over centuries, their responsibilities expanded, formalizing into the threefold mission of teaching, governing, and sanctifying, exercised in communion with the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, who holds primacy as the successor of St. Peter.

Roles and Responsibilities

Bishops are entrusted with three primary duties, known as the munera (Latin for "offices" or "duties"): teaching the faith, governing their dioceses, and sanctifying the faithful through the sacraments. These responsibilities reflect their apostolic mandate and are carried out in unity with the broader Church.[5]

Teaching

As teachers, bishops are responsible for preserving and proclaiming Catholic doctrine, ensuring that the faithful receive authentic instruction. This duty, part of the Church's magisterium, is exercised through preaching, catechetical programs, and official documents such as pastoral letters. Bishops may act individually within their dioceses or collectively through participation in ecumenical councils and synods.[6]

Ecumenical Councils

Bishops have historically shaped Church doctrine through councils. The First Council of Nicaea (325) saw over 300 bishops convene to affirm Christ's divinity against the Arian heresy, producing the Nicene Creed, a cornerstone of Christian belief.[7] Similarly, the Council of Chalcedon (451) defined the dual nature of Christ (human and divine), with bishops like St. Leo the Great playing pivotal roles through their theological contributions.[8] In modern times, the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) involved thousands of bishops who produced documents like Lumen Gentium, which redefined the Church as the "People of God," and Gaudium et Spes, addressing contemporary social issues.[9]

Pastoral Letters and Encyclicals

Bishops address local and global issues through writings.

  • For instance, St. Augustine of Hippo (d. 430) wrote extensively against heresies like Pelagianism, influencing Western theology.[10]
  • In the 20th century, Archbishop Oscar Romero of El Salvador (d. 1980) used sermons to denounce injustice, earning him martyrdom and international recognition.[11]
  • Pope Francis, as Bishop of Rome, issued Laudato Si' (2015), urging ecological responsibility, demonstrating the teaching role's relevance today.[12]

Governing

Bishops govern their dioceses with authority over clergy, laity, finances, and Church property, guided by canon law. This administrative role ensures the smooth operation of Church life and the enforcement of ecclesiastical discipline.[13]

Diocesan Curia

The curia is the bishop's administrative arm, comprising the chancery (for records and correspondence), the tribunal (for canonical trials, such as annulments), and the finance council (for budgeting and property management).[14] For example, a bishop might oversee the construction of a new parish church, ensuring compliance with liturgical and financial norms. - **Vicars and Delegates**: Bishops delegate tasks to the vicar general, who acts as their deputy, and episcopal vicars, who manage specific areas like education or clergy formation.[15] In large dioceses, auxiliary bishops assist with pastoral duties.

Seminaries and Clergy Formation

Bishops oversee the training of priests in seminaries, ordaining candidates to the diaconate and priesthood. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) formalized this responsibility, mandating bishops to establish educational institutions.[16] Today, bishops ensure seminaries align with Vatican guidelines, such as those in Pastores Dabo Vobis (1992).[17]

Sanctifying

Bishops sanctify the faithful by administering the sacraments, fostering holiness within their communities. Their sacramental authority is unique, as only bishops can perform certain rites.[18]

Confirmation

In the Latin Church, bishops are the ordinary ministers of Confirmation, imparting the Holy Spirit to the baptized.[19] Priests may administer it with episcopal delegation.

Ordination

Bishops alone can ordain deacons, priests, and other bishops, ensuring the continuity of the clergy through Holy Orders.[20] The ordination of a bishop requires papal approval and the participation of at least three consecrating bishops, symbolizing collegiality.

Dedication of Churches

Bishops consecrate churches and altars, marking them as sacred spaces for worship. The Roman Pontifical outlines elaborate rites, including the anointing of the altar with chrism.[21] - **Eucharistic Oversight**: While priests celebrate the Eucharist daily, bishops oversee its proper administration, often presiding at major liturgies like the Chrism Mass during Holy Week.[22]

Titles and Hierarchy

The Catholic Church's episcopal hierarchy includes various titles, each with distinct roles and historical origins. Below are detailed sub-sections for each type of Catholic bishop:

Title Description Historical Context
Diocesan bishop Oversees a diocese as its primary shepherd. Emerged in the 2nd century as Christianity spread beyond urban centers.[23]
Archbishop Leads an archdiocese, often supervising other bishops in a province. Established in the 4th century as metropolitan sees grew in prominence.[24]
Metropolitan Archbishop Archbishop who heads an ecclesiastical province, exercising supervisory authority over the suffragan bishops within that province.
Cardinal A senior bishop eligible to elect the Pope and advise on Church governance. Instituted in the 11th century to formalize papal elections.[25]
Patriarch The highest-ranking bishop in an Eastern Catholic Church or certain Latin sees. Rooted in the Pentarchy of the early Church (Rome, Constantinople, etc.).[26]
Pope The Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the universal Church. Traces to St. Peter, traditionally the first Bishop of Rome.[27]
Titular bishop Oversees a defunct diocese, often serving as an auxiliary or diplomat. Originated in the Middle Ages as bishoprics were lost to conquest.[28]
Auxiliary bishop Assists a diocesan bishop without rights of succession. Introduced to manage growing dioceses in the 20th century.[29]
Coadjutor bishop Assists a diocesan bishop with rights of succession. Used since the Middle Ages to ensure continuity.[30]

Diocesan Bishop

A diocesan bishop serves as the primary shepherd of a diocese, tasked with the spiritual and administrative leadership of the local Catholic community. This role encompasses teaching the faith, celebrating sacraments, and governing the diocese in accordance with Church law. The diocesan bishop holds full authority over the clergy and laity within his jurisdiction, ensuring the Church’s mission is carried out effectively. He is often seen as a successor to the apostles, embodying the Church’s continuity and unity. Diocesan bishops emerged in the 2nd century as Christianity spread beyond urban centers, necessitating organized leadership to manage growing communities.[31]

The role of a diocesan bishop is both pastoral and administrative, requiring a balance of spiritual guidance and practical oversight. He appoints priests to parishes, oversees diocesan finances, and represents the diocese in regional or national bishops’ conferences. In larger dioceses, the bishop may delegate tasks to auxiliary bishops or vicars, but he retains ultimate responsibility. Historically, the diocesan structure solidified as the Church adapted to the Roman Empire’s administrative divisions, with bishops becoming key figures in local governance. Today, diocesan bishops remain central to the Church’s mission, adapting to modern challenges like secularization and cultural diversity.[32]

Archbishop

An archbishop leads an archdiocese, a diocese of greater prominence, and often oversees other bishops within an ecclesiastical province. This role involves coordinating regional Church activities, fostering collaboration among dioceses, and ensuring alignment with the broader Church’s teachings. Archbishops may convene provincial councils and mediate disputes among bishops, acting as a unifying figure in their region. The title, established in the 4th century, reflects the growing importance of metropolitan sees as Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire.[33]

Beyond their regional duties, archbishops often hold significant influence in national or global Church affairs. For example, archbishops of major cities like New York or Paris frequently shape public discourse on moral and social issues. While their authority over suffragan bishops is limited, they symbolize the Church’s hierarchical unity. Historically, the role evolved to address the need for oversight in expansive regions, with archbishops receiving the pallium—a woolen vestment—as a sign of their metropolitan authority. Today, archbishops navigate complex challenges, balancing local traditions with the universal mission of the Church.[34]

Metropolitan Archbishop

A metropolitan archbishop is an archbishop who heads an ecclesiastical province, exercising supervisory authority over the suffragan bishops within that province. This role includes convening provincial councils, ensuring canonical compliance among dioceses, and fostering unity in liturgical and pastoral practices. The metropolitan’s authority is limited, as suffragan bishops retain autonomy in their dioceses, but the role is crucial for regional coordination. The position emerged in the 4th century as the Church organized itself along the lines of Roman imperial provinces, with metropolitan sees gaining prominence as administrative centers.[35]

Metropolitan archbishops receive the pallium from the Pope, a symbol of their authority and communion with the Holy See. They may also adjudicate disputes or appeals from their province’s dioceses, acting as a first instance of oversight before cases escalate to the Vatican. Historically, the role was vital in maintaining doctrinal and disciplinary consistency across regions, especially during periods of theological controversy. Today, metropolitan archbishops adapt to modern challenges, such as addressing cultural diversity within their provinces while promoting the Church’s global mission. Their leadership ensures that local dioceses remain connected to the broader ecclesiastical structure.[36]

Cardinal

A cardinal is a senior bishop appointed by the Pope to serve as a key advisor and participate in the election of a new Pope during a conclave. Cardinals hold significant influence, often leading major dioceses or Vatican congregations, and their red vestments symbolize their willingness to shed blood for the faith. The role was formalized in the 11th century to streamline papal elections and centralize Church governance, with cardinals becoming the Pope’s closest collaborators.[37]

Cardinals are divided into three orders—cardinal bishops, priests, and deacons—reflecting their historical roles in the Church of Rome. Today, most cardinals are diocesan bishops or archbishops, though some serve in the Roman Curia, managing the Church’s global administration. Their primary duty in a conclave is to ensure the Church’s continuity by selecting a capable pontiff. Beyond this, cardinals often engage in diplomatic and pastoral work, representing the Church on the world stage. The creation of cardinals from diverse regions reflects the Church’s universality, a practice emphasized in modern times to balance geographical representation.[38]

Patriarch

A patriarch is the highest-ranking bishop in certain Eastern Catholic Churches or select Latin sees, such as Venice or Lisbon, wielding authority over their respective churches or regions. Patriarchs preserve liturgical, cultural, and canonical traditions while maintaining communion with the Pope. The title originates from the early Church’s Pentarchy, which recognized Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem as preeminent sees.[39]

In Eastern Catholic Churches, patriarchs govern autonomously in matters of liturgy and discipline, though major decisions require papal approval. In the Latin Church, patriarchal titles are largely honorary, reflecting historical prestige rather than jurisdictional power. For example, the Patriarch of Jerusalem holds a symbolic role in the Holy Land. Historically, patriarchs were pivotal in shaping Christian doctrine during ecumenical councils, and their influence persists in fostering unity among diverse Christian traditions. Today, patriarchs bridge Eastern and Western Christianity, promoting dialogue in an increasingly globalized Church.[40]

Pope

The Pope, as the Bishop of Rome, is the supreme pontiff and leader of the universal Catholic Church, holding ultimate authority over doctrine, governance, and unity. Regarded as the successor to St. Peter, the first Bishop of Rome, the Pope exercises infallible teaching authority under specific conditions and serves as the Church’s visible head. The papacy, rooted in apostolic tradition, has shaped the Church’s development since its inception.[41]

The Pope’s responsibilities include appointing bishops, issuing encyclicals, and convening councils to address global issues. He also represents the Church in diplomatic relations, engaging with world leaders on matters of peace and justice. Historically, the papacy evolved from a local episcopal role to a global institution, with figures like Gregory the Great and John Paul II expanding its influence. Today, the Pope navigates complex challenges, from interfaith dialogue to addressing modern ethical dilemmas, while maintaining the Church’s spiritual mission.[42]

Titular Bishop

A titular bishop is assigned to a defunct diocese, often serving as an auxiliary bishop, Vatican diplomat, or curial official. These bishops do not govern an active diocese but fulfill other ecclesiastical roles, such as assisting in large dioceses or representing the Holy See abroad. The practice began in the Middle Ages when bishoprics were lost to conquest or reorganization, preserving their titles for Church use.[43]

Titular bishops play a vital role in the Church’s flexibility, allowing it to maintain episcopal functions without creating new dioceses. For example, a titular bishop serving as a nuncio represents the Pope in diplomatic missions, fostering relations with governments. Historically, titular sees were often located in regions lost to Islamic conquests, such as North Africa. Today, the system enables the Church to adapt to modern needs, with titular bishops contributing to both pastoral and administrative tasks worldwide.[44]

Auxiliary Bishop

An auxiliary bishop assists a diocesan bishop in managing a diocese, particularly in large or complex regions, performing sacramental and administrative duties. Unlike diocesan bishops, they do not have rights of succession and serve at the discretion of the diocesan bishop. The role was introduced in the 20th century to address the growing demands of expansive dioceses.[45]

Auxiliary bishops often focus on specific areas, such as youth ministry or ethnic communities, allowing the diocesan bishop to concentrate on broader governance. They may also represent the diocese in external events or lead major liturgical celebrations. Historically, the need for auxiliaries arose as urbanization and population growth strained diocesan resources. Today, auxiliary bishops are essential in diverse, populous dioceses, ensuring effective pastoral care in an increasingly complex world.[46]

Coadjutor Bishop

A coadjutor bishop assists a diocesan bishop and holds the right of succession, automatically becoming the diocesan bishop upon the incumbent’s retirement or death. This role ensures continuity in leadership, particularly in dioceses facing transitions or challenges. The practice was established in the Middle Ages to stabilize diocesan governance.[47]

Coadjutor bishops work closely with the diocesan bishop, often taking on significant responsibilities to prepare for their future role. They may oversee specific regions or departments within the diocese, gaining experience in its unique needs. Historically, coadjutors were appointed in cases of illness or political instability to ensure a smooth transfer of authority. Today, they remain a practical solution for maintaining stability, particularly in dioceses with aging bishops or complex pastoral demands.[48]

Apostolic Succession

Apostolic Succession is the theological doctrine that bishops derive their authority from the apostles through a continuous line of ordinations, ensuring the validity of sacraments like the Eucharist and Holy Orders.[49] This concept is foundational to Catholic identity and distinguishes it from many Protestant denominations, which reject or reinterpret this tradition.

Theological Significance

The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that apostolic succession preserves the Church's unity and fidelity to Christ's mission.[50] It is visibly expressed during episcopal ordinations, where multiple bishops lay hands on the ordinand, symbolizing continuity. - **Historical Examples**: The succession of the Roman see from St. Peter to modern popes is a prominent lineage. Another example is the See of Alexandria, tracing from St. Mark through St. Athanasius of Alexandria (d. 373), a key defender of Trinitarian doctrine.[51]

Ecumenical Dialogues

Apostolic succession remains a point of discussion with other Christian groups. The Anglican Communion claims a similar succession, though its validity is debated by Catholics due to changes in ordination rites.[52] Dialogues with the Orthodox Church, which shares this doctrine, focus on reconciling jurisdictional disputes rather than succession itself.[53]

Variations Across Rites

The Catholic Church comprises the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, each with unique traditions affecting bishops' roles and appearances.[54]

These variations highlight the Church's unity in diversity, with bishops adapting to cultural and historical contexts while maintaining apostolic fidelity.

Latin Church

Bishops wear a pectoral cross, ring, and mitre, with vestments standardized since the Council of Trent. They have uniform authority under the Code of Canon Law (1983).[55]

Byzantine Rite

Bishops often wear a crown-like mitre and carry a pastoral staff distinct from the Latin crozier. They may retain greater liturgical autonomy, reflecting their heritage from the Eastern Roman Empire.[56]

Maronite Rite

Maronite bishops, rooted in Lebanese tradition, use Syriac in liturgy and emphasize monastic ties, reflecting St. Maron's legacy.[57]

Appointment and Selection Process

The appointment of bishops is a meticulous process overseen by the Vatican, balancing local needs with universal Church priorities.[58]

Process

The apostolic nuncio, the Pope's representative in a country, compiles a list of candidates (a terna) after consulting local bishops and clergy. The Congregation for Bishops reviews this list, recommending a final candidate to the Pope, who makes the appointment.[59] In Eastern Churches, patriarchs or synods may nominate bishops, subject to papal confirmation.

Historical Evolution

Early bishops were elected by their communities, as seen with St. Ambrose of Milan (d. 397), chosen by popular acclaim.[60] By the Middle Ages, secular rulers influenced appointments, prompting reforms like the Investiture Controversy. The modern process, centralized under the Pope, emerged post-Council of Trent.[61]

Notable Appointments

Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle as Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in 2019, reflecting a focus on global mission.[62]

Bishops and Canon Law

Bishops wield significant legal authority under the Code of Canon Law, governing their dioceses as legislators, judges, and executors.[63]

Legislative Power

Bishops can issue decrees on local matters, such as liturgical norms, provided they align with universal law.[64]

Judicial Role

They oversee diocesan tribunals, adjudicating cases like marriage annulments. The Rota Romana serves as an appellate court for complex disputes.[65]

Discipline

Bishops enforce penalties, such as suspending priests for misconduct, as seen in responses to the clergy abuse crisis.[66]

Bishops in Church History

Bishops have profoundly influenced Church history, often at pivotal moments:

Early Church

St. Polycarp of Smyrna (d. 155) defended orthodoxy against Gnosticism, dying as a martyr.[67]

Medieval Period

St. Thomas Becket (d. 1170), Archbishop of Canterbury, resisted secular interference, leading to his assassination and canonization.[68] The Council of Trent (1545–1563) saw bishops like St. Charles Borromeo implement reforms against Protestant critiques.[69]

Modern Era

Bishops like Fulton Sheen (d. 1979) used media to evangelize, while others navigated challenges like communism and secularism.[70]

Related

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church on Apostolic Succession". Holy See. 1992. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#861. 
  2. ↑ "Catholic Hierarchy Bishops Count". David M. Cheney. 2020. http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/ll.html. 
  3. ↑ "St. Ignatius of Antioch". Kevin Knight. 2009. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0107.htm. 
  4. ↑ "Edict of Milan". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10285b.htm. 
  5. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church on Bishop Roles". Holy See. 1992. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#888. 
  6. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 890". Holy See. 1992. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#890. 
  7. ↑ "First Council of Nicaea". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11044a.htm. 
  8. ↑ "Council of Chalcedon". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03555a.htm. 
  9. ↑ "Second Vatican Council Documents". Holy See. 1965. https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/index.htm. 
  10. ↑ "St. Augustine". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.htm. 
  11. ↑ "Oscar Romero". Kevin Knight. 2020. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/romero.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Laudato Si'". Holy See. 2015-05-24. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html. 
  13. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 894". Holy See. 1992. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#894. 
  14. ↑ "Diocesan Curia". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1E.HTM. 
  15. ↑ "Vicar General". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1F.HTM. 
  16. ↑ "Fourth Lateran Council". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09018a.htm. 
  17. ↑ "Pastores Dabo Vobis". Holy See. 1992-03-25. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_25031992_pastores-dabo-vobis.html. 
  18. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 893". Holy See. 1992. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#893. 
  19. ↑ "Confirmation in the Latin Church". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2C.HTM. 
  20. ↑ "Ordination Rite". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2D.HTM. 
  21. ↑ "Dedication of Churches". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2E.HTM. 
  22. ↑ "Chrism Mass". Holy See. 2008-03-20. https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/documents/ns_lit_doc_20080320_messa-crisma_en.html. 
  23. ↑ "Diocesan Structure". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05001a.htm. 
  24. ↑ "Archbishop". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01691a.htm. 
  25. ↑ "Cardinals". Holy See. 2013. https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_storico_en.html. 
  26. ↑ "Patriarchs". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11549a.htm. 
  27. ↑ "Pope". Holy See. 2023. https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html. 
  28. ↑ "Titular Sees". David M. Cheney. 2023. https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/titular.html. 
  29. ↑ "Auxiliary Bishops". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1H.HTM. 
  30. ↑ "Coadjutor Bishops". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1I.HTM. 
  31. ↑ "Diocesan Structure". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05001a.htm. 
  32. ↑ "Diocesan Structure". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05001a.htm. 
  33. ↑ "Archbishop". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01691a.htm. 
  34. ↑ "Archbishop". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01691a.htm. 
  35. ↑ "Archbishop". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01691a.htm. 
  36. ↑ "Metropolitan". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10250a.htm. 
  37. ↑ "Cardinals". Holy See. 2013. https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_storico_en.html. 
  38. ↑ "Cardinals". Holy See. 2013. https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_storico_en.html. 
  39. ↑ "Patriarchs". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11549a.htm. 
  40. ↑ "Patriarchs". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11549a.htm. 
  41. ↑ "Pope". Holy See. 2023. https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html. 
  42. ↑ "Pope". Holy See. 2023. https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html. 
  43. ↑ "Titular Sees". David M. Cheney. 2023. https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/titular.html. 
  44. ↑ "Titular Sees". David M. Cheney. 2023. https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/titular.html. 
  45. ↑ "Auxiliary Bishops". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1H.HTM. 
  46. ↑ "Auxiliary Bishops". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1H.HTM. 
  47. ↑ "Coadjutor Bishops". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1I.HTM. 
  48. ↑ "Coadjutor Bishops". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1I.HTM. 
  49. ↑ "Lumen Gentium on Apostolic Succession". Holy See. 1964-11-21. https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html. 
  50. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 861". Holy See. 1992. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm#861. 
  51. ↑ "St. Athanasius". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02035a.htm. 
  52. ↑ "Apostolicae Curae". Holy See. 1896-09-13. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_l-xiii_apl_18960913_apostolicae-curae.html. 
  53. ↑ "Orthodox-Catholic Dialogue". Holy See. 2023. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/sub-index/index_orthodox.htm. 
  54. ↑ "Communionis Notio on Church Unity". Holy See. 1992-05-28. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19920528_communionis-notio_en.html. 
  55. ↑ "Code of Canon Law". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html. 
  56. ↑ "Byzantine Rite". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04308d.htm. 
  57. ↑ "Maronite Church". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09683c.htm. 
  58. ↑ "Appointment of Bishops". Holy See. 2009-02-07. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cbishops/documents/rc_con_cbishops_doc_20090207_bishops_en.html. 
  59. ↑ "Congregation for Bishops". Holy See. 2023. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cbishops/index.htm. 
  60. ↑ "St. Ambrose". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01383c.htm. 
  61. ↑ "Investiture Controversy". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08084c.htm. 
  62. ↑ "Cardinal Tagle Appointment". Holy See. 2019-12-08. https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/12/08/191208a.html. 
  63. ↑ "Code of Canon Law, Canons 375-430". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann330-367_en.html. 
  64. ↑ "Canon 381". Holy See. 1983. https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1C.HTM. 
  65. ↑ "Rota Romana". Holy See. 2023. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/roman_rota/index.htm. 
  66. ↑ "Vos Estis Lux Mundi". Holy See. 2019-05-07. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/papa-francesco-motu-proprio-20190507_vos-estis-lux-mundi.html. 
  67. ↑ "St. Polycarp". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12219b.htm. 
  68. ↑ "St. Thomas Becket". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14676a.htm. 
  69. ↑ "Council of Trent". Kevin Knight. 1913. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15030c.htm. 
  70. ↑ "Fulton Sheen". Kevin Knight. 2020. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/sheen.htm. 
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