View source for Draft2:Genome


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[[File:Joint Genome Institute - external signage.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Joint Genome Institute sign]]
In modern molecular [[biology]] and genetics, the '''genome''' is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

The NIH [https://www.genome.gov/ National Human Genome Research Institute] leads U.S. genome and genetics research. The [[Human Genome Project]] (HGP) was the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings. All our genes together are known as our "genome."

{{Official URL|text=genome.gov|url=https://www.genome.gov/}}

== DOE relevance ==
The DOE Office of Science [[Office of Biological and Environmental Research]] sponsors the Department of Energy's [[Genomic Science Program]].  The Genomic Science program uses microbial and plant genomic data, high-throughput analytical technologies, and modeling and simulation to develop a predictive understanding of biological systems behavior relevant to solving energy and environmental challenges.

[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] is involved in genome science.

== International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ==
The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published the first draft of the human genome in the journal Nature in February 2001 with the sequence of the entire genome's three billion base pairs some 90 percent complete. A startling finding of this first draft was that the number of human genes appeared to be significantly fewer than previous estimates, which ranged from 50,000 genes to as many as 140,000.The full sequence was completed and published in April 2003.

== Hereditary ==
The hereditary material of all multi-cellular organisms is the famous double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains all of our genes. DNA, in turn, is made up of four chemical bases, pairs of which form the "rungs" of the twisted, ladder-shaped DNA molecules. All genes are made up of stretches of these four bases, arranged in different ways and in different lengths. HGP researchers have deciphered the human genome in three major ways: determining the order, or "sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA; making maps that show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes; and producing what are called linkage maps, complex versions of the type originated in early Drosophila research, through which inherited traits (such as those for genetic disease) can be tracked over generations.

The HGP has revealed that there are probably about 20,500 human genes. The completed human sequence can now identify their locations. This ultimate product of the HGP has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes. This information can be thought of as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and function of a human being.

==Related==
* [[Genomic Science Program]]
* [[GINA]]
* [[Genomics]]
* [[Joint Genome Institute]]

==References==
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